A Comparative Introduction to the Philosophy of Non-Human Animals
Introduction
A comparative, explicitly non-eurocentric and non-anthropocentric introduction to philosophical thought about the non-human animal. This blueprint aims to develop a deeper understanding of the problem of speciesism and advocatesf the inclusion of non-human animals in philosophical thinking. It is divided into two parts. First, the understanding of non-human animals in Western, Zen-Buddhist, Maori, Indian and African thought is examined. In the second part, with the help of what was learned in the first part, special problems in dealing with non-human animals are dealt with, including the problem areas of meat consumption, the rights of non-human animals, and speciesism. The texts given are all essential readings for holding the respective weekly units.
Contents
- What is a non-human animal in the Western (scientific) understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- Why has the non-human animal been so long disregarded in Western philosophy?
- Is an anthropocentric ethics possible without contradiction? In what way must the capacity for suffering of non-human beings be considered?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- What is a non-human animal in the Western (scientific) understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- Why has the non-human animal been so long disregarded in Western philosophy?
- Is an anthropocentric ethics possible without contradiction? In what way must the capacity for suffering of non-human beings be considered?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- What is a non-human animal in the Zen-Buddhist understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Zen-Buddhist and the Western understanding of non-human animals?
- What obligations do human beings have to animals in Zen-Buddhism? Can it ever be acceptable to injure non-human animals for human benefit? What role does the hōben-principle play in this?
- Is anthropocentricity possible from a Zen-Buddhist perspective?
- What is a non-human animal in the Zen-Buddhist understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Zen-Buddhist and the Western understanding of non-human animals?
- What obligations do human beings have to animals in Zen-Buddhism? Can it ever be acceptable to injure non-human animals for human benefit? What role does the hōben-principle play in this?
- Is anthropocentricity possible from a Zen-Buddhist perspective?
- What is a non-human animal in Maori understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist and the Maori understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- How can we understand the concept of mauri (spiritual health of animals) and what ethical implications does it have?
- What role does the environment (material and non-material) play in Maori understanding?
- What is meant by Kaitiakitanga and mana whenua and how are they related?
- What is a non-human animal in Maori understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist and the Maori understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- How can we understand the concept of mauri (spiritual health of animals) and what ethical implications does it have?
- What role does the environment (material and non-material) play in Maori understanding?
- What is meant by Kaitiakitanga and mana whenua and how are they related?
- What is a non-human animal in African understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist, the Maori and the African understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- Is ubuntu-philosophy necessarily anthropocentric?
- What is a non-human animal in African understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist, the Maori and the African understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- Is ubuntu-philosophy necessarily anthropocentric?
- What is a non-human animal in Indian understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist, the Maori, the African and the Indian understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- What is a non-human animal in Indian understanding?
- What are the specific differences between human and non-human animals?
- What are the ethical implications of the posited differences between human and non-human animal?
- What are similarities and differences between the Western, the Zen-Buddhist, the Maori, the African and the Indian understanding of non-human animals?
- Is the difference between human and non-human animal of normative relevance? Who determines and how what a living being is worth? Does the particular understanding of the of difference allow the establishment of a dominance relationship?
- How is difference construed in Kant’s text?
- Why is difference so important? Some existential remarks and some reflections on Kant’s idea that the difference between the human animal and non-human animals is the ability to differentiate (“it is one thing to differentiate things from each other, and quite another thing to recognize the difference between them” [Kant 1762/1992, 104]
- Do we need difference? And if so, for what? And if not, why is difference (between human and non-human animal) such a persistent motive in (Western) philosophy?
- What are the ethical consequences for non-human animals when we understand them in the Kantian way?
- How is difference construed in Kant’s text?
- Why is difference so important? Some existential remarks and some reflections on Kant’s idea that the difference between the human animal and non-human animals is the ability to differentiate (“it is one thing to differentiate things from each other, and quite another thing to recognize the difference between them” [Kant 1762/1992, 104]
- Do we need difference? And if so, for what? And if not, why is difference (between human and non-human animal) such a persistent motive in (Western) philosophy?
- What are the ethical consequences for non-human animals when we understand them in the Kantian way?
- What is Speciesism? What are arguments for or against speciesism?
- Can speciesism and/or carnism be compared with, e.g., racism or sexism?
- Do we need the species-difference? Is the species-difference normatively relevant?
- Can we be truly indifferent to suffering? Do we have to make use of speciest/carnist arguments to convince ourselves to be indifferent?
- If we assume – for the sake of the argument – that the human animal has to be considered more valuable, what would be necessary consequences of this understanding?
- Looking at Joy’s and Williams’ arguments – what are their respective strengths and weaknesses? Do any of their arguments have practical impact on you?
- What is Speciesism? What are arguments for or against speciesism?
- Can speciesism and/or carnism be compared with, e.g., racism or sexism?
- Do we need the species-difference? Is the species-difference normatively relevant?
- Can we be truly indifferent to suffering? Do we have to make use of speciest/carnist arguments to convince ourselves to be indifferent?
- If we assume – for the sake of the argument – that the human animal has to be considered more valuable, what would be necessary consequences of this understanding?
- Looking at Joy’s and Williams’ arguments – what are their respective strengths and weaknesses? Do any of their arguments have practical impact on you?
- What are arguments against and what are arguments for the consumption of non-human animal meat? Try to take into account your knowledge of the Western, Buddhist, Maori, Indian and African traditions.
- What were the most prominent arguments vegetarism in its historical development?
- Is plant-consumption speciest?
- What do you think of arguments claiming a normative difference between different non-human species? Can there be valid arguments claiming the inferiority of certain species, eg. of fishes or insects?
- What are arguments against and what are arguments for the consumption of non-human animal meat? Try to take into account your knowledge of the Western, Buddhist, Maori, Indian and African traditions.
- What were the most prominent arguments vegetarism in its historical development?
- Is plant-consumption speciest?
- What do you think of arguments claiming a normative difference between different non-human species? Can there be valid arguments claiming the inferiority of certain species, eg. of fishes or insects?
- Can non-human animals have a biography? Can non-human animals have a personal history?
- Can we – as human beings – know enough about a non-human being to write an autobiography?
- What could be the (ethical) purpose of non-human animal biographies?
- Why is the non-human animal biography such a rare literary genre?
- Is writing a non-human animal biography speciest?
- What are the ethical consequences of taking the idea of non-human biographies seriously?
- Can non-human animals have a biography? Can non-human animals have a personal history?
- Can we – as human beings – know enough about a non-human being to write an autobiography?
- What could be the (ethical) purpose of non-human animal biographies?
- Why is the non-human animal biography such a rare literary genre?
- Is writing a non-human animal biography speciest?
- What are the ethical consequences of taking the idea of non-human biographies seriously?
- What is a Zoopolis?
- What are the ethical consequences to accept non-human animals as citizens?
- How would our lives change if non-human animals had enforceable rights?
- Is Anti-speciesim possible? How could we live anti-speciestically? Can and should Anti-Speciesism become codified law?
- What does it mean when a non-human animal has rights? What would be the consequences for our understanding of the human species?
- What is a Zoopolis?
- What are the ethical consequences to accept non-human animals as citizens?
- How would our lives change if non-human animals had enforceable rights?
- Is Anti-speciesim possible? How could we live anti-speciestically? Can and should Anti-Speciesism become codified law?
- What does it mean when a non-human animal has rights? What would be the consequences for our understanding of the human species?
Comment: Provides a summary of the modern (Western) understanding of the animal world and its evolution .